Below is a cartoon that appeared in the August 21st, 1886 edition of the Sydney
Bulletin. Titled "The Mongolian Octopus - His Grip on Australia," this illustration is the work of English artist
Phil May.
Anti-Chinese sentiment was running high in Australia, fueled by the usual mixture of racism, class-resentment and xenophobia, but given a particular focus during the 1880's by campaigns against immigrant labor conducted by "European" furniture makers. The long hours and low pay tolerated by Chinese laborers in furniture workshops so angered the established white craftsmen that "Euopean labour only" was stamped on individual pieces to discourage discriminating buyers from supporting the new immigrants' trade. Note that the opium-smoker at the botttom of the picture is helpfully leaning forward to showcase his chair; the contemporary
Bulletin reader would probably have assumed the chair to be of Chinese manufacture, like the chest of drawers clutched in the "Cheap Labour" arm in the upper-left corner of the picture.
The mass of arms of the "Mongolian Octopus" is unusually graphic for the era in which it was drawn; perhaps May enjoyed the felicity of using ink to draw an animal that produced its own. In addition to "Cheap Labour," most of the other categories of vice are straightforward: "Immorality," (prostitutes), "Small-Pox," "Opium," "Bribery" and "Customs Robbery." The other two are more obscure: "Pak Ah-Pu" is a a lotto-style game, and "Fan Tan" is a card game; white Australians were apparently very bad at both of them, as evidenced by the panic of the illustrated gamblers.
It would be easy to dismiss this drawing as racist, xenophobic crap, but I wonder if Phil May fully believed what he drew. Born into poverty in England, he was orphaned and homeless at the age of nine. He emmigrated to Australia after enjoying some success as a caricaturist in London. The encouragement of race-hatred among the poor is nothing new, and May might have resented the Chinese immigrants for undercutting the more established white folk.
I've also attached a comparison plate: On the left is a contemporary self-portrait by Phil May, on the right a detail of the opium-smoker and the artist's signature. I think the smoker is Phil May: take away the hat, and replace the pipe with the pen, and they're ringers for each other. Did May (who was an alcoholic) also like to smoke opium? Or, is this mocking artist's portrait an acknowledgment that his grotesque drawing springs from an overheated imagination, and is not to be taken seriously?
Click the highlighted text to see a selection of May's drawings at the
National Portrait Gallery of England. There's a great little drawing of Winston Churchill's father, Lord Randolph Churchill, with a lion riding in his skull.
Clem